Loki And BSDi Team Up For BSD Games 108
Loki and BSDI Partner for FreeBSD Games
Loki to Certify Games for Use with Linux Compatibility Features
San Jose, California -- August 15, 2000 -- Loki Software, Inc., the leading publisher of best-selling games for the Linux operating system, today announces a strategic alliance with Berkeley Software Design, Inc. (BSDI), the foremost supporter of the FreeBSD Project.
Loki introduced fully-supported, shrink-wrapped commercial games to the Linux community in 1999. While Loki has released Alpha and PPC versions of their games whenever technically feasible, FreeBSD users had been left to their own devices to make the games function on their open-source operating system of choice.
Through this new partnership, Loki and BSDI will work together to ensure Loki's gaming titles are compatible with FreeBSD using the Linux-compatibility features. Certified games on this configuration will be fully-supported by Loki.
"Many people do not take games seriously, and this is a mistake," said Jordan Hubbard, Vice President, Open Source Solutions. "Availability of Loki's industry leading line up of Linux games is a huge win for us, as we realize full well that games drive a large part of the overall acceptance of any operating system, even a serious operating system like BSD."
"We are excited to be announcing our official support of FreeBSD's Linux compatibility libraries," said Scott Draeker, president of Loki Software. "FreeBSD users have been enjoying their Open Source operating system for years, and many of them have been playing our games."
Loki is now preparing several A-one titles for certification, including the highly-anticipated SimCity 3000 Unlimited and Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri with the Alien Crossfire expansion pack. Other popular programs to be certified soon include Quake III Arena, Soldier of Fortune, and Descent3.
Specially-marked certified games will be available from The FreeBSD Mall in addition to Loki's Web site store.
A no-lose proposition, maybe... (Score:2)
I'm not sure either Linux or BSD is mature enough to be a viable gaming platform yet, but that is an issue best covered in this thread from Sunday. [slashdot.org]
- -Josh Turiel
Why are more games needed? (Score:1)
I mean, come on.
Re:Question (Score:1)
Loki and BSDI bringing games to FreeBSD (Score:1)
It is not more difficult to program for Linux (Score:1)
My experiences with programming games under Linux has gone quite well. It is true that full screen graphics don't seem to move as fast under X11 as they do under Win9x, but the actual coding is very intuitive (using GGI to target X and SVGAlib).
Programming for Macs is also easier than programming for Windows. Have you tried all of them? Macintosh has hands down the best programming interface for graphics. Windows can not match its ease of use (unless you program in Visual Basic... i guess...)
I was just wondering if you had ever actually written any code or whether you were just speculating...
Re:Obligatory Stallmanish Comment (Score:1)
1)distributed.net/SETI@Home These systems would be of any use (in the real world) if any schmuck could come along and start sending in fraudulent/random data, just to get a higher score.
2)Windows 2000 Just imagine the results if Microsoft were to opensource windows, we'd have an epidemic of programmer suicides...
Great! (Score:3)
Just what I needed to start my own gaming company! Thanks BSD!
No performance loss. (Score:2)
The real problem is that some programs make Linux-specific assumptions; for instance, the (open source) Loki Setup program used to use Linux-specific CD-ROM detection code, meaning that FreeBSD users had to hack the setup configuration file.
I'm not speaking for Loki here; this is just based on my own experience.
-John
Re:Everybody should chip in and help them out. (Score:1)
And a big medal for Courage. 8^)
Loki is a big reason for that, and everybody to chip in and buy their stuff. Because they deserve our support.
Dern straight. I bought a copy of every Linux game they released, and look forward to the ones they are about to release.
--
Re:Linux games w/ emulation? (Score:1)
Re:Everybody should chip in and help them out. (Score:1)
In which case I see your point. Your initial posting sounded like you were encouraging people who wouldn't normally buy the game to do so.
BTW - is it generally possible to buy the Linux version and then download the Windows executable? (I know it's technically possible - my question is is this current practice?) So I could support Linux developments, but let non-linux savy people (e.g. younger siblings) use the game under Windows when I'm not about the help them?
-- Michael
Awesome! (Score:2)
It's open source, it's unix, so there's no reason it can't be running on every free unix platform.
Re:Everybody should chip in and help them out. (Score:1)
I think in pricniple yes. But probably not in current practice : (a) the window version is so much more accessible (b) I don't know about the legality of it (I don't think there are "free" window executables).
Look, somebody just mod my previous comment Flamebait. Hehe.
Re:Games (Score:1)
--
Re:You miss the point (Score:2)
...which misses the point the person to whom you were replying was making. He said:
which should perhaps have been stated as "I just can't see serious demand for FreeBSD/Linux games" to make it clear that it's not Linux vs. BSD he's talking about, it's Windows vs. everything else lumped together.
I.e., he's saying that releasing games for non-Windows platforms - regardless of which platforms those are, and regardless of whether the version for FreeBSD is native or just the Linux version made to install and run on the Linuxator - later than the Windows version could lead to lower sales for the non-Windows versions, leading to less incentive for developers to make games run on those platforms.
Re:Question (Score:1)
Re:Games (Score:1)
Re:Great! (Score:2)
repeating OS/2 mistake (Score:1)
Lack of native apps killed OS/2. ISVs said "use Windoze version". Emulation killed OS/2. It could kill FreeBSD too. I don't think this is a good idea. No incentive to write for FreeBSD, then no native apps. My 2 cents, based on experience.
Re:Need for a global "lxrun success list" (Score:1)
This has Loki beaten (Score:1)
Even the samurai
have teddy bears,
and even the teddy bears
The devil (errr.. daemon) is in the details... (Score:1)
Unfortunately, life is not easy when it comes to install scripts. 99% of it is due to extremely small stoopid things, that are easy to fix if the Linux developer has a FreeBSD or BSD/OS box available to just test and fix it. To fix it as an end user, the bar is raised much higher.
Two infamous examples that everyone seems to run into:
Harder stuff to port is code that uses threads or advanced system stuff, but games tend not to use those. The fact that Xfree86 drivers are binary compatible between Linux and FreeBSD these days will surely ease portability!
Is this a great time or what<sm> :-)
Re:How about 3d support, though? (Score:1)
-daniel
Good Move (Score:2)
Maybe we are seeing the early beginnings of gradually phasing out Windows in general? Or maybe a more balanced differece between users using certain OSs (IE: Each OS holds a good portion of the market)
If this is done well, we'll definately see a market shift, just hope not too many Linux users head for BSD.
Re:Everybody should chip in and help them out. (Score:1)
Re:Press Releases? (Score:2)
Like, for example, this [slashdot.org]? Or this [slashdot.org]? Or this [slashdot.org]?
Re:Is this really a good thing? (Score:2)
BSD seems to be mainly used for servers. While it might be cool to have a quake server or unreal tournament server, or for some other type of game, I don't really see why someone would want to play games on BSD. I'm not a big expert on BSD, but from what I see, linux has support for more hardware than bsd as far as graphics cards, soundcards, etc.
Linux seems to be mainly used for servers. While it might be cool to have a quake server or unreal tournament server, or for some other type of game, I don't really see why someone would want to play games on Linux. I'm not a big expert on Linux, but from what I see, Windows has support for more hardware than Linux as far as graphics cards, soundcards, etc.
---
Re:How about 3d support, though? (Score:1)
Becoming a big BSD fan (Score:2)
Aside from a little bit of "REAL Unix" snobbishness, I'm finding that the BSD communities are very friendly and eager to help out. I had some questions about setting up an old 486 as a firewall and I found documentation right away. When I got stuck, the experts on the newsgroups helped me out right away. Now, my home network is connected to @Home through a FreeBSD firewall that also does NAT. As long as I don't call in a tech, they'll never know how many machines I'm running.
I think that's the important thing for new operating systems to remember -- a kind and helpful community goes a long way. When you provide instant help to newbies, you can take over the world. Look, for example, at how well Perl is doing. Were it not for the help available in the #Perl IRC, I'm sure the language would have never gotten off the ground.
I'm still a Linux fan, of course. Right now, it's a little easier to use and there's still more software for it. Nevertheless, I think the BSDs are up and coming with tremendous potential.
Re:Obligatory Stallmanish Comment (Score:1)
(Note: that was sarcastic)
Re:Everybody should chip in and help them out. (Score:1)
I may be wrong, but I've never seen any Loki stuff anywhere over here (in Sweden)...
Then of course I'm hardly buying any games at all (I'm simply hardly playing any games at all)... but when I was looking at the shelves filled with games together with a friend not too long ago I extra looked for (GNU/)Linux ports... and there were none!
--
Re:This is good, but... (Score:2)
There will be [apple.com] soon enough, although I'm guessing most games for this system will not be fully compatible with FreeBSD due to differences in kernel architecture, the whole PPC vs. x86 thing, and the graphic libraries available. Still, BSD is about to get a huge (in relative terms) boost in marketshare.
Linux sales are better than you think... (Score:1)
QIII didn't do quite as well as they'd hoped.
I think the other titles are doing pretty good (otherwise Loki'd not be in as good a business position as they are right now...). However, if I were Scott D., I'd be a little miffed at Macmillan- they're not doing them any favors...
Loki is the business model to follow (Score:2)
The games are themselves closed. Whats cool is how they open up every other piece of tech and have a great support system in place - I've had usenet conversations with their developers about installation problems, Mesa compilation/optimization, and so forth. Thats sure worth my $, as opposed to "Well, did you download the latest drivers? It still doesn't work? Sorry, wait for the patch".
The finer implications (Score:2)
This step means that Loki believes there can be a return on investment for BSD, which has - no offense - a lot smaller user base than Linux, especially on the desktop.
There is no way Loki would believe in a BSD market if the Linux market wasn't already working out for them.
It seems like desktop UNIX is no longer in its infancy.
Re:Pretty cool (Score:1)
FreeBSD 3.x has them too (although I think at that point they were under a restrictive license, and weren't compiled into the kernel by default. I remember recompiling, rebooting into single user mode, and enabling soft updates on most of my partitions).
There are JDKs native to FreeBSD, and you can always use the Linux JDK on FreeBSD with little fuss.
Yeah, 1.1.8 is the latest FreeBSD native JDK I've heard of. Have you tried any of the Linux Java VMs under FreeBSD's linux emulation? I never got around to it. I'm particularly interested in IBM's JDK 1.3.0 for Linux - if that runs fine, I'll have to reconsider BSD :-)
Re:Everybody should chip in and help them out. (Score:1)
Mac OSX (Score:1)
... and not that I care, it's all good. I'm happy not having to hope that binary runs under the LINUX emulation as well as acrobat does ( no sarcasm, it actually runs surprising well considering the fits I've seen under windows... )...
kudos, boys, Loki just went to the top of my gaming companies, you can rest assured when the ports come out I will buy them...
I remember when Terminus LINUX demo came out I downloaded it, wrestled with it all night, but it just kept exiting... that was a real low point for me...
If anyone suggests I should dual boot to LINUX, they will be fired upon. That's not a solution, that's a strategy for coping with a problem.
and I do run Linux at home, but on other boxes ( without decent graphics cards in 'em. )
plus it cuts into my uptime... which is precious to me...
Re:Is this really a good thing? (Score:2)
Ummm, Roblimo? Come in, Roblimo! Ground control to Roblimo...
Wait a minute - if you're the real roblimo, why are you user #196470? I smell a rat...
Re:How about 3d support, though? (Score:1)
Linux games w/ emulation? (Score:3)
How about 3d support, though? (Score:4)
Anyone know (or care to guess)?
Re:Press Releases? (Score:1)
Daemon? (Score:4)
I have to admit, however, the "Code Dungeon" looks kinda cool... fight flaming perl zealots and FUD-wielding slashdotters. Can't wait for the playable demo!
Re:Linux games w/ emulation? (Score:2)
Re:Is Loki after every niche OS? (Score:1)
--
Games (Score:1)
--
hopeful (Score:1)
Re:Is this really a good thing? (Score:1)
This is good, but... (Score:2)
This is definately good news for BSD, although it would be even better to see Loki producing BSD native binaries, or even Linux binaries 'certified' to run under the Linux emulation of other BSDs. Then again, are there really that many people gaming under BSD? I personally really like BSD, butI tend to use it 90% of the time as a server (which is what the BSD people want, anyways).
It's also good to see BSDi (and thus, FreeBSD and Walnut Creek) becoming more 'commercially' acceptable. This attention is long overdue, IMHO.
Attack of the latex clad BSD babes! (Score:1)
And will is work on the 486 that I'm running FreeBSD on.
Re:Linux games w/ emulation? (Score:1)
Unless of course you prefer to send me a free Windows 2000 CD with license, I might test out your suggestion, until then, I cannot, and will not give Microsoft a god damn dime.
Everybody should chip in and help them out. (Score:3)
Loki is a big reason for that, and everybody to chip in and buy their stuff. Because they deserve our support.
Question (Score:2)
My question is: How does this feature compare to running native code? Would FreeBSD users benefit a lot from a native port, or will the Linux binaries run with similar performance?
Second Q: Why doesn't linux have a FreeBSD compatability feature?
Oh wait, it does... it's called "make". ^_^
Re:Insightful? Moderators, you're on crack! (Score:1)
Like $75 for Internet Explorer.
Like $25 addon for Outlook Express.
How about $89 for Fat32 support as an addon.
Or $3000 for the operating system.
Re:hopeful (Score:1)
Thank God. There also isnt Outlook for Linux either, but none of us are complaining. There is however Star Office, koffice, and Gnome Office.
Fact: All the good games come out for Windows first, then Linux and MAC
They beta test on windows... you know test it out of the week platform first.
Fact: 99% of computers in the home are based on Windows
actually that statistic is incorrect. True-- more than half, most even. but- give us time, we're still young.
Fact: It is easier to program for Windows than for any other OS
thanks for proving to the world you never coded a line in your life. Fact: linux comes with its own compiler and source code. how much easier does it get.
Linux has a long uphill battle and I'm sad to say to all you linux freaks out there, your OS will end up like MAC: obsolete.
since when is the mac obsolete?
Re:A neat idea, but Loki seems disorganized alread (Score:1)
siri
Obligatory Stallmanish Comment (Score:1)
Re:Question (Score:2)
Linux-binary apps that run faster (that I have noticed): Acroread, and parts of StarOffice 5.1. I haven't run any Loki games on FreeBSD yet...
Re:Is this really a good thing? (Score:2)
In terms of graphic cards, *BSD has *exactly* the same hardware support (excepting a few beta SuSE drivers). That's because *BSD and Linux use exactly the same XFree86
Sound card support is still kind of shoddy under FreeBSD though.
Re:Obligatory Stallmanish Comment (Score:2)
My thoughts, exactly. If these are binary distributions, I can do without. I understand their side of the coin, tho, as they each are probably clutching some proprietary piece of engineering they'd just as soon keep away from competitors as long as possible.
After all, who wants to be the next SubLogic?
Re:Great! (Score:1)
Certified for the Linuxator (Score:1)
Regards, Tommy - FreeBSD enthusiast
Why this is not THAT big a deal (Score:1)
What does this change? Now BSDers can get support for those linux games. Does it change anything for Loki? Probably not. Maybe a few more FAQs, but honestly, probably zero recode.
Good marketing, though
Re:Linux games w/ emulation? (Score:2)
Re:Everybody should chip in and help them out. (Score:1)
> ...everybody to chip in and buy their stuff. Because they deserve our support.
Why not buy their stuff because it's good? Loki seem esablished enough now that they should survive off people wanting to buy their games because they want the games. If they can't survive on that alone, then perhaps they're barking up the wrong tree. A company based on sympathy sales isn't going to go very far!
Loki seem to be doing a good job - go buy their stuff if you want to!
-- Michael
Re:A neat idea, but Loki seems disorganized alread (Score:1)
But that has been months. SC3K unlimited has been available from Maxis for a considerable amount of time, and Loki made their announcement of the addition on May 18th; the core game was in beta in mid-April.
A posting on 20 May claimed the additions would delay the game "by a couple of weeks"...
Re:why? (Score:1)
I want to play games under BSD. A number of my coworkers also want to play games under BSD.
What's the point of having an Open Source operating system if you're going to restrict what's developed for it?
"keep BSD clean?" It's not like Loki announced they were going to start contributing to the source tree. They said they were going to ensure that their software was compatible with the linux emulation libraries in FreeBSD. That is to say, they would change their stuff, not the other way around.
Go away, troll.Re:Insightful? Moderators, you're on crack! (Score:1)
You want choice? Here's choice:
Windows95 on Intel
Windows98 on Intel
WindowsNT on Intel
WindowsME on Intel
Windows2000 on Intel
Windows95 on AMD
Windows98 on AMD
WindowsNT on AMD
WindowsME on AMD
Windows2000 on AMD
Thats all the world needs.
Re:This is good, but... (Score:1)
Multiplatform Gaming Expanding (Score:1)
With games being ported on more and more different platforms, the whole gaming industry should learn to make games portable. It doesn't really matter if it's an in-house group of external company who does the porting. It benefits all consumers since ports mean less product lock-in and exclusives. Let's hope this continues and gets expected instead of special.
By the way, this shows very well how Linux is the foremost open source OS, but not the only one. While Linux/X86 is getting the goodies first, once they are there, they can be easily made available to the other systems as well. Even if the other markets are smaller, the smaller the effort, the easier and faster it will happen. Standardization is good.
What Alternative OSes Really Fucking Need... (Score:1)
Just imagine if Blizzard had announced last Christmas that they've thrown away the Windoze code for Diablo2 and if you want to play it, you'll need Linux/BSD.
Of course, while some may see this as commercially unviable, it could work. But it would mean taking chances which Blizzard, etc aren't likely to do. But what is likely to happen is for some new company to do it.
Someone will. Just wait, you'll see.
Re:BSD?!?! WTF is Loki thinking here? (Score:1)
Re:Linux games w/ emulation? (Score:1)
The demos for Railroad Tycoon and Civilization:Call to Power work fine, but the Myth II game dies on me any time it tries to play (what I assume would be) a cinematic.
This was all on FreeBSD 4.0, I have not tried since I updated to 4.1.
Another AC
Is Loki after every niche OS? (Score:1)
Re:Question (Score:2)
Why doesn't linux have a FreeBSD compatability feature?
Because there are very few (or zero?) apps that are available for FreeBSD and not for Linux. If this ever occurs, I would imagine it would be fairly easy to write a BSD emulation layer for Linux - definately easier than something like WINE (I know, different technically, but that's the whole point).
Re:Linux games w/ emulation? (Score:2)
This new deal sounds great... saves me a bunch of troubles (hopefully).
* http://www.supa-fly.org/quake3.html
So what we have (Score:2)
I just can't see serious demand for FreeBSD games if they are released so much later than the Windows counterparts. Then when we find out that Linux software games have light sales it won't help the cause to create Linux/BSD versions of these games at the same time as the Windows version. I wish Loki good luck at selling their FreeBSD games.
Re:How about 3d support, though? (Score:1)
Some of the drivers in utah-glx run on BSD, but full support can't be found on the utah-glx site. You'll probably have to pull the relevant stuff out of a BSD CVS site.
Re:A neat idea, but Loki seems disorganized alread (Score:1)
Re:Is Loki after every niche OS? (Score:1)
Even the samurai
have teddy bears,
and even the teddy bears
Is this really a good thing? (Score:2)
Also, I think rather than trying to get our server software to be on the desktop, we need to make a new OS and interface for the desktop. I see further into the future that desktops will probably be replaced with something more low key, more like a cross between a game console and a PC. Anyways, with that in mind...we should work more towards developing that, and improving our servers to do their job better.
I don't mean this as a troll and I don't want to tell anyone what to do...but I think that would be more helpful in the cause of better software. I would much rather have a kickass pc/console gaming system that uses a HDTV and a dsl connection and a device to write on that works similar to the palm graffiti so I don't need a keyboard, and a game controller, which may have that built in. It also should have a dvd player/cdrom on it and an OS that is only for doing basic things and you can't crash without running it over with your car.
Re:FreeBSD vs. Linux systemwise (Score:1)
Code libraries for FreeBSD and Linux can be compiled from the same source, but I think have different directory locations where they want to call home.
Also, a lot of the code (mostly commercial and non-open source software) for Linux are tied to the Linux hierarchy and calls, thus making them hard to port over to FreeBSD (like the Java port).
Re:Linux games w/ emulation? (Score:3)
Food for thought. :)
Re:Pretty cool (Score:2)
That, combined with FreeBSD's inferior SMP (for now anyways - I know FBSD 5.0 will be good), is enough to convince me to stick with GNU/Linux. I would also like to see a journalling filesystem for BSD - there are at least 5 in development for GNU/Linux (Reiser, ext3, JFS, XFS, and GFS - although GFS is of course much more and a different concept altogether, it does do journalling and you can run it as a 'local machine only' FS). Do any BSD hackers know of any similar development efforts for BSD?
Re:Everybody should chip in and help them out. (Score:1)
(a) Have a WinDoz partition
(b) Buy the Windoz version and get the free linux executables
Instead of that, you can just buy their games straight.
You miss the point (Score:1)
Regards, Tommy
Re:Linux games w/ emulation? (Score:1)
Re:Is this really a good thing? (Score:1)
(Missing operator before d40746572612d627974652e636f6d?)
syntax error at -e line 1, next token ???
Execution of -e aborted due to compilation errors.
--
BSD GAMES (Score:1)
Re:Games (Score:1)
Yeah, but where's The Sims for Linux and BSD? (Score:1)
Especially since I was the person who cracked the dual byte encoding used for SimCity originally, when everyone else was just looking for the money cheat. They owe me.
Re:Linux games w/ emulation? (Score:1)
A hell of a lot more expensive, as I would have to buy windows 2000 first. And not in a few seconds either, as I would have to re-partition and install windows first. And then I would have to reinstall windows 2000 now and then when it breaks, possibly reinstalling the games, and so on. Until a new windows version comes up, and new games "runs better" with the newest windows. More money to microsoft.
Food for thought indeed.
Re:How about 3d support, though? - there is (Score:1)
Re:Linux games w/ emulation? (Score:3)
LAP works by inserting an interface library in between the Linux application and the Linux libraries, and the BSD/OS kernel. This library interface translates Linux data structures and other system call parameters to and from BSD/OS equivalents. For example, the library replaces the Linux stat(2) call with a translation function that calls the BSD/OS stat(2)call and converts the BSD/OS stat buffer into a Linux stat buffer. No special preparation is required to run Linux programs with LAP; there is no seperately invoked emulation program (with SCO/iBCS2 you run sco sh). LAP should be roughly as efficient as the native Linux glibc library.
Re:Question (Score:1)
linux emulation in freebsd is just another set
of entrypoints into kernel.
Re:It is not more difficult to program for Linux (Score:2)
I don't HAVE to use links... You use terrible logic to argue with.
Fact: The presence of Office does not make for superiority. If you use that reasoning, MacOS is as superior as Windows is. I don't think you're going to go there... (While I think that MacOS is great- I don't think it's superior to everything else; it's good for what it was designed for...)
Fact: All generalizations are false- including this one. When you make such generalizations as "Windows comes out first, and Linux and MacOS come later..." you set yourself up for immediate failure. Vicarious Visions, makers of Terminus, recently released a single SKU box that had support for Windows, MacOS, and even Linux. Furthermore, your premise is flawed- the reason why Windows versions come out first is that currently the market is something like 80-90% Windows for gaming machines. Even if they have a superior gaming platform that's different than the dominant one, a company would be commiting suicide to not produce first for the dominant platform.
Fact: Windows is still sold on pre-install agreements with Microsoft. The modified settlement that MS had with the DOJ didn't change that. It just made it across product lines offered from the OEMs.
Fact: Claims of Windows being easier to program for than Linux without any proof is NOT a fact. Furthermore I know for a fact that the Windows APIs are laiden with vast amounts of booby traps. A prime example is the GetTempFileName call. In Win16, the first parameter is a number, with the default being 0, for the Windows system drive. In Win32, the first parameter happens to be a pointer to a string so that you can hand it the canonical path ("\\machine\share...") to where you want the temp file to be put. If you pass a zero to the Win32 call, it's behavior is "undefined" and produces garbage in the return string. No "...Ex" version for 32 bits. Nothing other than a warning in their MSDN disks. There's myriads of other landmines like this like thunking and some things in COM- I could go on and on.
I honestly think you haven't a clue about what you're spouting off about.
Re:Mac OSX (Score:2)
Perhaps some people do, but I don't, because
I.e., whilst there's BSD-compatible stuff "under the hood" of MacOS X, I get the impression that the BSD-flavored UNIX APIs there are not what most MacOS X desktop applications (and maybe not even most server applications) will use, so porting an application that runs on one UNIX-flavored OS (e.g., Linux) to *BSD (the BSDs are also UNIX-flavored OSes) doesn't make the application much more friendly towards the non-UNIX-flavored APIs that I suspect most MacOS X appls will use.
Re:What this means for Linux (Score:2)
Re:Mac OSX (Score:2)